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The fall of the city would effectively mark the end of Iraqi half of the "caliphate" declared nearly three years ago by Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, which also covers parts of Syria.
The Iraqi air force dropped leaflets on Friday urging residents in the enclave to flee, although humanitarian groups fear for the safety of civilians trying to escape.
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| Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) fire towards Islamic State militants during a battle on the outskirts of Al-Ba'aj, west of Mosul, Iraq May 26, 2017. Picture taken May 26, 2017. REUTERS/Stringer |
The enclave covers mainly the Old City center and three adjacent districts alongside the western bank of the Tigris river.
The U.S.-backed offensive on Mosul, now in its eighth month, has taken longer than planned as the militants are dug in among civilians, fighting back with booby traps, suicide cars and motor-bikes, snipers and mortar fire.
"The joint forces have began liberating the remaining districts," said an Iraqi military statement.
Desperate civilians trapped behind Islamic State lines now face a harrowing situation with little food and water, no electricity and limited access to hospitals.
The push inside the Old City coincides with the start of the holy fasting month of Ramadan. Its prime targets is the medieval Grand al-Nuri mosque and its landmark leaning minaret where Islamic State's black flag has been flying since mid 2014.
The forces hope to capture in the next few days the mosque where Baghdadi revealed himself to the world and announced the "caliphate" that also spans part of Syria.
Residents in the Old City sounded desperate in telephone interviews made over the past few days.
"We're waiting for death at any moment, either by bombing or starving," one said, asking not to be identified for his own safety. "Adults eat one meal a day, either flour or lentil soup."
The United Nations expressed "deep concern" for the hundreds of thousands of civilians trapped behind Islamic State lines, in a statement on Saturday from the organization's under-secretary general for humanitarian affairs, Stephen O'Brien.
"Although the U.N. is not present in the areas where fighting is occurring, we have received very disturbing reports of families being shut inside booby-trapped homes and of children being deliberately targeted by snipers," he said.
The militants have laid sheets of corrugated metal over pebbles in the alleys as an early warning system, residents said. The grinding noise produced by treading on it would alert them to any troop movements or civilians trying to escape.
The United Nations last week said up to 200,000 more people could flee Mosul as fighting moves to the Old City.
